Centipede Venom For Neuropathic Pain

Today's post from couriermail.com.au (see link below) looks at the latest research into the pain killing potential of certain animal, insect and fish venoms. In this case, it's centipedes which may provide a pain killer at least as effective as morphine in controlling chronic pain. It concerns a protein extracted from the venom that will block a particular sodium channel without affecting others which shouldn't be impeded. They are hoping to start human trials in a couple of years but as always, it's dependent on pharmaceutical company support and the necessary will power to advance the research so that it will eventually produce a product for mass use. As we all know by now, that's by no means a given in this world of cuts and restrictions but it's useful to know in which directions research is going. Hopefully patients will see the benefits as soon as possible.

Centipede venom may be used to create powerful painkiller, University of Queensland biochemist Glenn King says
Janelle Miles The Courier-Mail October 01, 2013 
 
A MOLECULE from centipede venom is being studied as a potent painkiller. 

Experiments using the protein, extracted from the Chinese red-headed centipede’s venom, have found it works at least as well as morphine in mice.

Biochemist Glenn King, of the University of Queensland’s Institute for Molecular Bioscience, said more animal studies were needed before the molecule could be tested in humans, but the development was exciting because it did not appear to have any major side effects.

He said the big hope was that the protein would work against all types of pain.

“For neuropathic pain – people who have nerve-injury related pain – a lot of the existing painkillers don’t work,’’ Professor King said. “But this should work for all types of pain – for cancer pain, inflammatory pain, all sorts of pain. That’s the beauty of it.’’

The research, and similar studies into spider venom, is based on the discovery of a Pakistan family with a genetic defect resulting in some members not being able to feel pain.

“There was a kid in Pakistan who used to do street theatre,” Prof King said.

“He would walk on hot coals and stab himself and he didn’t appear to feel any pain.”

He died before researchers could study him but DNA testing of his family traced the inability to feel pain to a defect in the SCN9A gene.

That discovery gave scientists a target for the development of new pain-killing drugs which block a protein produced by SCN9A, one of nine “sodium channel’’ genes.

But Professor King, who has been collaborating with researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences on the centipede research, said the task had proved extremely difficult.

He said it was important drugs only target the protein produced by SCN9A and not the eight other members of the sodium channel family. Professor King said other sodium channels were important for functions important to maintaining life, such as keeping the heart beating.

“What’s nice about this molecule in centipede venom is that it’s very selective,’’ he said.

“It doesn’t affect any of the other sodium channels that are involved in other important activities.’’

Professor King said he hoped that human trials of the molecule could begin within two years but that would depend on funding from a pharmaceutical company.

The centipede research is published today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/centipede-venom-may-be-used-to-create-powerful-painkiller-university-of-queensland-biochemist-glenn-king-says/story-fnihsrf2-1226730315126#ixzz2gOEt02Zn

TARANTULA VENOM ILLUMINATES ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN LIVE CELLS

Researchers at the University of California, Davis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, have created a cellular probe that combines a tarantula toxin with a fluorescent compound to help scientists observe electrical activity in neurons and other cells. The probe binds to a voltage-activated potassium ion channel subtype, lighting up when the channel is turned off and dimming when it is activated.

This is the first time researchers have been able to visually observe these electrical signaling proteins turn on without genetic modification. These visualization tools are prototypes of probes that could some day help researchers better understand the ion channel dysfunctions that lead to epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmias and other conditions. The study appears in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)on October 20.

"Ion channels have been called life's transistors because they act like switches, generating electrical feedback" said senior author Jon Sack, assistant professor of physiology and membrane biology at UC Davis. "To understand how neural systems or the heart works, we need to know which switches are activated. These probes tell us when certain switches turn on."

Voltage-gated channels are proteins that allow specific ions, such as potassium or calcium, to flow in and out of cells. They perform a critical function, generating an electrical current in neurons, muscles and other cells. There are many different types, including more than 40 potassium channels. Though other methods can very precisely measure electrical activity in a cell, it has been difficult to differentiate which specific channels are turning on.

"There are about 40 voltage-gated potassium channel genes that are basically doing the same thing, and it's been shockingly hard to figure out which ones are doing something that's physiologically relevant," Sack said.

The tarantula toxin, guangxitoxin-1E, was an ideal choice because it naturally binds to the Kv2 channels. These channels are expressed in most, if not all, neurons, yet their regulation and activity are complex and actively debated. Sack and his laboratory worked closely with Bruce Cohen, a scientist in the Lawrence Berkeley Lab's Molecular Foundry, who has been studying how fluorescent molecules and nanoparticles can be used to image live cells.s

To study the channels, the team engineered variants of tarantula toxin that could be fluorescently labeled and retain function. These probes were designed to bind to the potassium channels when they were at rest and let go when they became active. The researchers then tested them on living cells. To their surprise, the probes worked right away.

"A lot of times you see ambiguous results, but when we added the probes to living cells there was a very clear signal," Sack said. "When we added potassium to stimulate the cells, the probes fell right off."

While this is just a first step towards imaging the activity of potassium and possibly other ion channels, this approach holds vast potential to help scientists understand the underlying mechanisms behind cardiac arrhythmias, muscle defects and other channelopathies.

"There are dozens of known channelopathies, and more being uncovered at an increasing pace" Sack said. "If you have electrical signaling, you have to have a potassium channel, and when that channel goes bad, the cell doesn't work the same anymore. For example, the Kv2.1 channel that this probe binds to leads to epilepsy when it's not functioning properly."

In addition, the ability to better observe electrical signaling could help researchers map the brain at its most basic levels.

"Understanding the molecular mechanisms of neuronal firing is a fundamental problem in unraveling the complexities of brain function," Cohen said.

While creating a probe that can read whether the Kv2.1 channel is firing or at rest is an important proof-of-concept, there's still a lot of work to be done. Sack and Cohen will continue to collaborate, testing other types of spider venoms that bind to different potassium channels.

"The beauty of this is the potential," Sack said. "This is a toehold into a new way of visualizing electrical activity, and there's a huge family of spider toxins that target different ion channels. We've tagged a Ford, we should be able to tag a Chevy."