The Role Of Schwann Cells In Neuropathy

Today's post from news.wustl.edu (see link below) gives more information about the role Schwann cells play in neuropathic problems. We may have to get used to seeing the name Schwann cells because more and more research articles are highlighting their influence on nerve damage and pain. Basically, they are cells which wrap themselves around neurons and form the myelin sheath which protects the nerve. They also play a part in sending nerve signals efficiently but now scientists have found that a build up of toxins in Schwann cells can leak out and disable many of their functions. The idea is that drugs will be developed to inhibit these toxins and thus prevent neural decay. It's complex but gives you an idea of how scientists are studying how nerves work, with the aim of developing efficient treatments in the future. 

New clues to causes of peripheral nerve damage
By Caroline Arbanas March 6, 2013

Anyone whose hand or foot has “fallen asleep” has an idea of the numbness and tingling often experienced by people with peripheral nerve damage. The condition also can cause a range of other symptoms, including unrelenting pain, stinging, burning, itching and sensitivity to touch.

Although peripheral neuropathies afflict some 20 million Americans, their underlying causes are not completely understood. Much research has focused on the breakdown of cellular energy factories in nerve cells as a contributing factor.

Now, new research at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis points to a more central role in damage to energy factories in other cells: Schwann cells, which grow alongside neurons and enable nerve signals to travel from the spinal cord to the tips of the fingers and toes.

The finding may lead to new therapeutic strategies to more effectively treat symptoms of this highly variable disorder, the scientists reported March 6 in the journal Neuron.

“We found that a toxic substance builds up in Schwann cells that have disabled energy factories, leading to the same kind of nerve damage seen in patients with neuropathies,” said senior author Jeffrey Milbrandt, MD, PhD, the James S. McDonnell Professor of Genetics and head of the Department of Genetics. “Now, we’re evaluating whether drugs can block the buildup of that toxin, which could lead to a new treatment for the condition.”

The most common cause of peripheral neuropathy is diabetes, which accounts for about half of all cases. The condition also can occur in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy, which can damage nerves.

In the body, Schwann cells wrap tightly around nerve axons, the fibers that relay nerve signals. Graduate student and first author Andreu Viader and colleagues in Milbrandt’s lab studied Schwann cells in mice with genetically disabled mitochondria, or cellular energy factories. Under normal conditions, these mitochondria produce fuel and intermediates of energy metabolism that allow nerve cells to function.

The researchers showed that the crippled mitochondria activated a stress response in the Schwann cells. Instead of synthesizing fatty acids, a key component of Schwann cells, the cells burned fatty acids for fuel.

Over time, inefficient burning of fatty acids by the crippled mitochondria leads to a build up of acylcarnitines, a toxic substance, in the Schwann cells. The researchers found levels of acylcarnitines up to 100-fold higher in these mutant Schwann cells than in healthy Schwann cells.

And the bad news doesn’t end there. Eventually, the toxin leaks out of the Schwann cells and onto the nerve axons. Studying neurons in petri dishes, the researchers showed that acylcarnitines damage nerve axons and disrupt the ability of nerves to relay signals.

“The toxin leaking out of the Schwann cells and onto the adjacent nerve axons causes damage that results in pain, numbness, tingling and other symptoms,” Milbrandt said. “We think that is a likely mechanism to explain the degeneration of axons that is known to occur in peripheral neuropathies.”

The new research suggests that drugs that inhibit the buildup of acylcarnitines may block axonal degeneration. Milbrandt and his team now are evaluating the drugs in mice with disabled Schwann cells to see if they can slow or alleviate the decay of axons.

The research is supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Neuroscience Blueprint Center Core Grant (P30 NS057105), the HOPE Center for Neurological Disorders and the National Institutes of Health (AG13730 and PPG 2P01 HL057278).

Viader A, Sasaki Y, Kim S, Strickland A, Workman CS, Yang K, Cross RW, Milbrandt J. Aberrant Schwann cell lipid metabolism linked to mitochondrial deficits leads to axon degeneration and neuropathy. Neuron. March 6, 2013.

Washington University School of Medicine’s 2,100 employed and volunteer faculty physicians also are the medical staff of Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Children’s hospitals. The School of Medicine is one of the leading medical research, teaching and patient care institutions in the nation, currently ranked sixth in the nation by U.S. News & World Report. Through its affiliations with Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Children’s hospitals, the School of Medicine is linked to BJC HealthCare.

http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/25064.aspx